July 28

July 28 is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 156 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

• 1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and of the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
• 1540 – Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
• 1609 – Bermuda is first settled by survivors of the English ship Sea Venture en route to Virginia.
• 1794 – Maximilien Robespierre is executed by guillotine in Paris during the French Revolution.
• 1809 – Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera – Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.
• 1821 – José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
• 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church – Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia.
• 1865 – Welsh settlers arrive at Chubut in Argentina.
• 1868 – The 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States is passed, establishing African-American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.
• 1896 – The city of Miami, Florida is incorporated.
• 1914 – World War I: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after Serbia rejects the conditions of an ultimatum sent by Austria on July 23 following the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand.
• 1932 – U.S. President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C.
• 1933 – Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Spain are established.
• 1935 – First flight of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.
• 1942 – World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227 in response to alarming German advances into the Soviet Union. Under the order all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so were to be immediately executed.
• 1943 – World War II: Operation Gomorrah – The British bomb Hamburg causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.
• 1945 – A U.S. Army B-25 bomber crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 and injuring 26.
• 1948 – The Metropolitan Police Flying Squad foils a bullion robbery in the "Battle of London Airport".
• 1955 – The Union Mundial pro Interlingua is founded at the first Interlingua congress in Tours, France.
• 1957 – Heavy rain and a mudslide in Isahaya, western Kyūshū, Japan, kill 992.
• 1965 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.
• 1973 – Summer Jam at Watkins Glen: 600,000 people attend a rock festival at the Watkins Glen International Raceway.
• 1976 – The Tangshan earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 moment magnitude flattens Tangshan in the People's Republic of China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.
• 1991 – Pitcher Dennis Martinez of the Montreal Expos throws the 15th perfect game in Major League Baseball history, a 2-0 win against the Los Angeles Dodgers at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles.
• 1993 – Andorra joins the United Nations.
• 1996 – The remains of a prehistoric man are discovered near Kennewick, Washington. Such remains will be known as the Kennewick Man.
• 2001 – Australian Ian Thorpe becomes the first swimmer to win six gold medals at a single World Championships.
• 2002 – Nine coal miners trapped in the flooded Quecreek Mine in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, are rescued after 77 hours underground.
• 2005 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army calls an end to its thirty year long armed campaign in Northern Ireland.
• 2005 – Tornadoes touch down in a residential areas in south Birmingham and Coventry England, causing £4,000,000 worth of damages and injuring 39 people.
• 2008 – The historic Grand Pier in Weston-super-Mare burns down for the second time in 80 years.

Births

• 1347 – Margaret of Durazzo, Queen of Naples and Hungary and Princess of Achaea, wife of Charles III of Naples (d. 1412)
• 1659 – Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (d. 1715)
• 1746 – Thomas Heyward, Jr., American patriot, signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1809)
• 1750 – Fabre d'Églantine French dramatist and politician, creator of the French Republican calendar (d. 1794)
• 1796 – Ignaz Bösendorfer, Austrian piano manufacturer (Bösendorfer) (d. 1859)
• 1804 – Ludwig Feuerbach, German philosopher (d. 1872)
• 1815 – Stefan Dunjov, Banat Bulgarian military figure (d. 1889)
• 1844 – Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet (d. 1889)
• 1857 – Ballington Booth, English-born Salvation Army officer and co-founder of Volunteers of America (d. 1940)
• 1860 – Elias M. Ammons, governor of Colorado (d. 1925)
• 1860 – Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia (d. 1922)
• 1863 – Hussein Khan Nakhichevanski, Russian general (d. 1919)
• 1866 – Beatrix Potter, English author (d. 1943)
• 1867 – Charles Dillon Perrine, American-born Argentine astronomer (d. 1951)
• 1872 – Albert Sarraut, French politician (d. 1962)
• 1874 – Ernst Cassirer, German philosopher (d. 1945)
• 1879 – Lucy Burns, American suffragist (d. 1966)
• 1887 – Marcel Duchamp, French painter (d. 1968)
• 1891 – Ron Oxenham, Australian cricketer (d. 1939)
• 1896 – Barbara La Marr, American actress (d. 1926)
• 1898 – Lawrence Gray, American actor (d. 1970)
• 1900 – Catherine Dale Owen, American actress (d. 1965)
• 1901 – Rudy Vallee, American entertainer (d. 1986)
• 1901 – Freddie Fitzsimmons, American baseball player (d. 1979)
• 1902 – Karl Popper, Austrian-born British philosopher (d. 1994)
• 1907 – Earl Tupper, American inventor of Tupperware (d. 1983)
• 1909 – Malcolm Lowry, English novelist (d. 1957)
• 1909 – Aenne Burda German publisher and founder of Hubert Burda Media (d. 2005)
• 1914 – Carmen Dragon, American composer (d. 1984)
• 1915 – Charles Townes, American physicist, Nobel laureate
• 1916 – David Brown, American film producer (d. 2010)
• 1922 – Jacques Piccard, Belgian-born Swiss undersea explorer (d. 2008)
• 1924 – C.T. Vivian, American 1960s Civil Rights Movement activist
• 1925 – Baruch Samuel Blumberg, American physician, Nobel laureate
• 1926 – Charlie Biddle, American-born Quebec jazz bassist (d. 2003)
• 1927 – John Ashbery, American poet
• 1929 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady of the United States (d. 1994)
• 1930 – Jean Roba, Belgian comics author (d. 2006)
• 1930 – Junior Kimbrough, American blues guitarist and vocalist (d. 1998)
• 1930 – Ramsey Withers, Chief of the Defence Staff of Canada
• 1931 – Johnny Martin, Australian cricketer (d. 1992)
• 1932 – Natalie Babbitt, American author and illustrator of children's books
• 1933 – Charlie Hodge, French Canadian ice hockey player
• 1934 – Jacques d'Amboise, American choreographer
• 1935 – Simon Dee, British television broadcaster (d. 2009)
• 1936 – Russ Jackson, Canadian football player
• 1936 – Garfield Sobers, Barbadian West Indies cricketer
• 1937 – Francis Veber, French film director and screenwriter
• 1938 – Alberto Fujimori, 90th President of Peru
• 1938 – Chuan Leekpai, Thai politician, 20th Prime Minister of Thailand
• 1938 – Luis Aragonés, Spanish football manager
• 1940 – Philip Proctor, American comedian
• 1941 – Susan Roces, Filipino actress
• 1941 – Riccardo Muti, Italian conductor
• 1942 – Marty Brennaman, American sportscaster
• 1942 – Tonia Marketaki, Greek film director and screenwriter (d. 1994)
• 1943 – Mike Bloomfield, American guitarist (d. 1981)
• 1943 – Bill Bradley, American basketball player and politician
• 1943 – Richard Wright, English keyboardist (Pink Floyd) (d. 2008)
• 1945 – Jim Davis, American cartoonist (Garfield)
• 1946 – Jonathan Edwards, American singer and songwriter
• 1946 – Linda Kelsey, American actress
• 1946 – Fahmida Riaz, Pakistani writer and feminist
• 1948 – Gerald Casale, American vocalist, bassist (Devo) and director
• 1948 – Georgia Engel, American actress
• 1948 – Sally Struthers, American actress
• 1949 – Steve Peregrin Took, English singer (d. 1980)
• 1949 – Vida Blue, American baseball player
• 1949 – Peter Doyle, Australian singer (The New Seekers) (d. 2001)
• 1949 – Randall Wallace, American screenwriter and film producer
• 1950 – Shahyar Ghanbari, Iranian poet
• 1951 – Anthony A. Williams, American politician, Mayor of Washington, D.C.
• 1951 – Doug Collins, American basketball player and coach
• 1951 – Santiago Calatrava, Spanish architect
• 1952 – Yoshitaka Amano, Japanese artist
• 1952 – Vajiralongkorn, Crown Prince of Thailand
• 1954 – Bruce Abbott, American actor
• 1954 – Hugo Chávez, 52nd President of Venezuela
• 1954 – Gerd Faltings, German mathematician
• 1954 – Steve Morse, American guitarist (Dixie Dregs, Deep Purple)
• 1954 – Mikey Sheehy, Irish Gaelic footballer
• 1955 – Nikolay Zimyatov, Russian cross-country skier
• 1958 – Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and activist (d. 1981)
• 1958 – Michael Hitchcock, American actor
• 1959 – William T. Vollman, American novelist, journalist, short story writer and essayist
• 1960 – Luiz Fernando Carvalho, Brazilian film director
• 1960 – Yōichi Takahashi, Japanese mangaka (Captain Tsubasa, Hungry Heart Wild Striker)
• 1961 – Yannick Dalmas, French race car driver
• 1961 – Alexander Kurlovitch, Soviet weightlifter
• 1961 – Harlem Yu, Taiwanese singer/songwriter
• 1962 – Rachel Sweet, American singer
• 1964 – Lori Loughlin, American actress
• 1965 – Priscilla Chan, Hong Kong singer
• 1965 – Delfeayo Marsalis, American jazz trombonist and record producer
• 1966 – Shikao Suga, Japanese singer-songwriter
• 1967 – Taka Hirose, Japanese bassist (Feeder)
• 1969 – Garth Snow, American ice hockey player
• 1969 – Alexis Arquette, American actor
• 1969 – Dana White, American president of Ultimate Fighting Championship(UFC)
• 1970 – Michael Amott, Swedish guitarist (Arch Enemy)
• 1970 – Isabelle Brasseur, Canadian figure skater
• 1970 – Paul Strang, Zimbabwian cricketer
• 1971 – Stephen Lynch, American comedian and singer-songwriter
• 1971 – Annie Perreault, Canadian short-track speed skater
• 1972 – Elizabeth Berkley, American actress
• 1972 – Ed Templeton, American skateboarder
• 1972 – Yeom Jeong-ah, South Korean actress
• 1972 – Robert Chapman, English cricketer
• 1973 – Steve Staios, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1973 – Marc Dupré, Quebec humorist and singer
• 1974 – Justin Lee Collins, British comedian
• 1975 – Leonor Watling, Spanish actress and singer
• 1976 – Jacoby Shaddix, American singer (Papa Roach)
• 1977 – Manu Ginóbili, Argentine basketball player
• 1977 – Aki Berg, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1978 – Hitomi Yaida, Japanese singer-songwriter
• 1978 – Jacob Oram, New Zealand cricketer
• 1979 – Lee Minwoo, Korean singer (Shinhwa)
• 1979 – Birgitta Haukdal, Icelandic singer
• 1979 – Henrik Hansen, Danish footballer
• 1979 – Alena Popchanka, French swimmer
• 1979 – James Piotr Montague, British writer and journalist
• 1980 – Stephen Christian, American singer (Anberlin)
• 1981 – Nancy Alexiadi, Greek singer
• 1981 – Michael Carrick, English footballer
• 1981 – Billy Aaron Brown, American actor
• 1981 – Jo In Sung, South Korean actor
• 1982 – Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir, Icelandic singer and actress
• 1982 – Tom Pelphrey, American actor
• 1984 – DeMeco Ryans, American football player
• 1984 – Zach Parise, American ice hockey player
• 1984 – John David Washington, American actor and football player
• 1985 – Dustin Milligan, Canadian actor
• 1985 – Sharifah Sofia, Malaysian actress
• 1986 – Alexandra Chando, American actress
• 1988 – Ayla Brown, American singer
• 1988 – Casper Johansen, Danish footballer
• 1990 – Shana Swash, English actress
• 1990 – Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, American rapper
• 1992 – George Spencer-Churchill, Earl of Sunderland
• 1993 – Hannah Lochner, Canadian actress

Deaths

• 450 – Theodosius II, Roman Emperor (b. 401)
• 1057 – Pope Victor II (b. c. 1018)
• 1128 – William Clito, Count of Flanders (b. 1102)
• 1230 – Duke Leopold VI of Austria (b. 1176)
• 1285 – Keran, Queen of Armenia, consort of King Leo III of Armenia (birth year unknown)
• 1527 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador (b. 1460)
• 1540 – Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, English statesman (b. 1495)
• 1631 – Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish dramatist (b. 1569)
• 1655 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French poet (b. 1619)
• 1667 – Abraham Cowley, English poet (b. 1618)
• 1675 – Bulstrode Whitelocke, English lawyer (b. 1605)
• 1685 – Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, English statesman (b. 1618)
• 1718 – Etienne Baluze, French scholar (b. 1630)
• 1741 – Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer (b. 1678)
• 1750 – Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer (b. 1685)
• 1762 – George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe, English politician (b. 1691)
• 1794 – Maximilien Robespierre, French Revolutionary leader (b. 1758)
• 1794 – Louis de Saint-Just, French Revolutionary leader (b. 1767)
• 1809 – Richard Beckett, English soldier (b.1772)
• 1818 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician (b. 1746)
• 1835 – Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (b. 1768)
• 1842 – Clemens Brentano, German poet (b. 1778)
• 1844 – Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon I (b. 1768)
• 1849 – King Charles Albert of Sardinia (b. 1798)
• 1869 – Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Czech anatomist (b. 1787)
• 1878 – George Law Curry, American newspaper publisher and politician (b. 1820)
• 1895 – Edward Beecher, American theologian (b. 1803)
• 1930 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1862)
• 1933 – Nishinoumi Kajirō III, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 30^th Yokozuna (b. 1890)
• 1934 – Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (b. 1868)
• 1934 – Louis Tancred, South African cricketer (b. 1876)
• 1942 – William Matthew Flinders Petrie, English Egyptologist (b. 1853)
• 1957 – Edith Abbott, American social worker (b. 1876)
• 1957 – Isaac Heinemann, German-born Israeli scholar and professor of classical literature (b. 1876)
• 1965 – Edogawa Ranpo, Japanese author (b. 1894)
• 1965 – Sheikh Attallah Suheimat , Arab and Jordanian leader, politician ,and a statesperson. (b. 1875)
• 1967 – Karl W. Richter, American aviator (b. 1942)
• 1968 – Otto Hahn, German chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1879)
• 1969 – Ramón Grau, Cuban poitician (b. 1882)
• 1971 – Myril Hoag, American baseball player (b. 1908)
• 1971 – Lawrence Moore Cosgrave, Canadian soldier and diplomat (b. 1890)
• 1971 – Charles E. Pont, American painter and printmaker (b. 1898)
• 1972 – Helen Traubel, American soprano (b. 1903)
• 1972 – Charu Majumdar, Indian revolutionary leader (b. 1918)
• 1979 – Charles Shadwell, English conductor and bandleader (b. 1898)
• 1979 – Don Miller, American college football player (b. 1902)
• 1981 – Fr. Stanley Rother, American Roman Catholic Priest and missionary (b. 1935)
• 1982 – Keith Green, American gospel singer and pianist (b. 1953)
• 1990 – Jill Esmond, British actress (b. 1908)
• 1996 – Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and educator (b. 1908)
• 1997 – Seni Pramoj, Thai politician (b. 1905)
• 1997 – Rosalie Crutchley, English actress (b. 1920)
• 1998 – Lenny McLean, English bareknuckle fighter (b. 1949)
• 1999 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist, Nobel laureate (b. 1911)
• 2000 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist and historian (b. 1918)
• 2002 – Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1910)
• 2003 – Lady Valerie Goulding, Irish politician and activist (b. 1918)
• 2004 – Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1916)
• 2004 – Sam Edwards, American actor (b. 1915)
• 2004 – Eugene Roche, American actor (b. 1928)
• 2004 – Tiziano Terzani, Italian journalist (b. 1938)
• 2006 – David Gemmell, British writer (b. 1948)
• 2006 – Patrick Allen, British actor and voice actor (b. 1927)
• 2007 – Jim LeRoy, American aerobatic pilot (b. 1961)
• 2007 – Karl Gotch, Belgian professional wrestler (b. 1924)
• 2008 – Suzanne Tamim, Lebanese singer and actress (b. 1977)
• 2009 – Jim Johnson, American football coach (b.1941)
• 2010 – Ivy Bean, English internet celebrity (b. 1905)

Holidays and observances

• Christian Feast Day:
  • Alphonsa Muttathupadathu
  • Nazarius and Celsus
  • Pantaleon
• Day of Commemoration of the Great Upheaval (Canada)
• Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Peru from Spain by General San Martin in 1821. (Peru)
• Ólavsøka Eve (Faroe Islands)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada